European mole (Talpa europaea)

Moles are small, burrowing mammals belonging to the family Talpidae. They are known for their subterranean lifestyles, creating extensive tunnel systems that serve as their hunting grounds and homes. Moles are found in various regions around the world, including North America, Europe, and Asia.

Moles are uniquely adapted to life underground. They typically measure between 12 to 18 centimetres (4.7 to 7.1 inches) in length, including a short tail. They have cylindrical bodies covered with velvety fur that can range in colour from grey to dark brown. Their most distinctive features are their large, paddle-like forelimbs with powerful claws, which they use for digging. Moles have small eyes and ears, often hidden by their fur, as vision and hearing are less important for their underground existence. Their pointed snouts are highly sensitive and aid in detecting prey.

Moles are solitary creatures, coming together only to mate. They are primarily active year-round, with peak activity in early morning and late evening. Moles are insectivores, feeding mainly on earthworms, insects, and other small invertebrates. Their diet also includes grubs and larvae, which they find by patrolling their tunnel systems.

Moles construct complex networks of tunnels, which include surface tunnels used for foraging and deeper tunnels for living and nesting. The presence of molehills, which are piles of excavated soil, often indicates mole activity. These tunnel systems not only help moles locate food but also aerate the soil, which can benefit plant growth.

Mole breeding seasons typically occur in late winter to early spring. After a gestation period of about four to six weeks, female moles give birth to litters of 2 to 7 young. The young are born blind and hairless, developing fur and opening their eyes after a few weeks. They become independent at about one month old and reach sexual maturity by the next breeding season.

Moles are often considered pests in gardens, lawns, and agricultural fields due to their tunnelling habits, which can disrupt plant roots and create unsightly mounds. However, they also play a beneficial role by controlling insect populations and aerating the soil. Managing moles typically involves humane traps or repellents, as they are protected in some regions.

Moles prefer habitats with moist, loose soil that is easy to dig. They are commonly found in woodlands, grasslands, gardens, and agricultural areas. Their preference for well-drained soil means they are often absent from areas with heavy clay or overly wet conditions.