House Mouse (Mus musculus)

The house mouse (Mus musculus) is a small, nimble rodent that has adapted remarkably well to living alongside humans. Originating from Asia, it has now spread to virtually every corner of the world, often thriving in human-dominated environments.

House mice are small rodents, typically measuring 7 to 10 centimetres (2.8 to 4 inches) in body length, with tails that add an additional 5 to 10 centimetres (2 to 4 inches). They weigh between 12 to 30 grams (0.4 to 1 ounce). Their fur is usually grey or light brown, with a lighter underside. They have large, rounded ears, a pointed snout, and small black eyes, giving them a distinctive appearance.

House mice are primarily nocturnal creatures, exhibiting peak activity during the night. They are highly adaptable omnivores, though they prefer grains and seeds. Their diet can include fruits, insects, and other available food sources. Known for their agility, house mice can climb, jump, and squeeze through tiny openings, which aids their ability to infiltrate homes and other structures.

These mice are social animals that tend to live in close-knit family groups. They construct nests from soft materials such as paper, cloth, and insulation, often in secluded areas like wall cavities, attics, and basements.

House mice have a high reproductive rate, which contributes to their success as a species. Females can begin breeding as early as six weeks old and can produce up to ten litters per year, with each litter containing 3 to 14 pups. This rapid breeding cycle allows populations to grow quickly, especially in environments with abundant food and shelter.

House mice are considered significant pests due to their tendency to invade homes, farms, and commercial buildings. They can cause extensive damage by gnawing on materials, contaminating food supplies, and spreading diseases such as salmonella, hantavirus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Their presence can also trigger allergies and asthma in sensitive individuals.

Despite their status as pests, house mice have also played a crucial role in scientific research. They are widely used as model organisms in genetics, medicine, and behavioural studies due to their biological and physiological similarities to humans.

House mice are highly versatile and can thrive in a wide range of environments. They are commonly found in human dwellings, agricultural settings, and industrial sites. In the wild, they can inhabit fields, forests, and grasslands, often seeking shelter in burrows or other protected areas.